Branca, S., Coltelli, M., Groppelli, G., 2004. Geological evolution of Etna Volcano. In:
Bonaccorso, A., Calvari, S., Coltelli, M., Del Negro, C., Falsaperla, S. (Eds.), Mt Etna
Laboratory VolcanoGeophysical Monograph 143. American Geophysic al Union,
Washington, DC, pp. 49–-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/143M07.
Branca, S., Coltelli, M., Groppelli, G., Lentini, F., 2011. Geological map of Etna volcano, 1:
50,000 scale. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. 130, 265–291.
Broquen, P., Lobartini, J .C., Candan, F., Falbo, G., 2005. Allophane, alumini um and or-
ganic matter accumulation across a bioclimatic sequence of volcanic ash soils of
Argentina. Geoderma 129, 167–177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.
12.041.
Buat-Ménard, P., Arnold, M., 1978. The heavy metal chemistry of atmospheric particulate
matter emitted by Mount Etna volcano. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5, 245–248. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1029/GL005i004p00245.
Buemi, A., Cimino, G., Strazzulla, G., 1998. Characterization of Etnean soils and application to
mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 103, 667–13,674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JE00816.
Busà, T., Cirrincione, R., Cristofolini, R., Pezzino, A., 1998. Caratterizzazione petrologico-
tessiturale di una successione piroclastica in prossimita di Monte Salto del Cane
(versante meridionale dell'Etna): implicazioni sui processi di alterazione e di
pedogenesi. Mineral. Petrogr. 41, 61–78.
Buurman, P., Rodeja, E.G., Cortizas, A.M., van Doesburg, J.D.J., 2004. Stratification of parent
material in European volcanic and related soils studied by laser-diffraction grain-
sizing and c hemical analysis. Catena 56, 127 –144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
catena.2003.10.007.
Carpenter, M.P., 2004. Early Successional Processes of Basaltic Lava Ecosystems on Mt
Etna (Sicily) With Additional Comparative Studies of Mauna Loa (Hawaii) (Ph.D. the-
sis) University of Luton.
Certini, G., Fernández-Sanjurjo, M.J., Corti, G., Ugolini, F.C., 2001. The contrasting effect of
broom and pine on pedogenic processes in volcanic soils (Mt Etna, Italy). Geoderma
102, 239–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00017-9.
Certini, G., Wilson, M.J., Hillier, S.J., Fraser, A.R., Delbos, E., 2006. Mineral weathering in
trachydacitic-derived soils and saprolites involving formation of embryonic halloysite
and gibbsite at Mt. Amiata, Central Italy. Geoderma 133, 173–190. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.07.005.
Chester, D.K., Duncan, A.M., Guest, J.E., Kilburn, C.R.J., 1985. Mount Etna: The Anatomy of a
Volcano. Chapman and Hall, London.
Chester, D.K., Duncan, A., James, P.A., 2010. Mount Etna, Sicily: landscape evolution and
hazard responses in the pre-industrial era. In: Martini, P., Chesworth, W. (Eds.), Land-
scapes and Societies. Springer, Dordrecht.
Cimino, G., Toscano, G., 1998. Dissolution of trace metals from lava ash: influence on the
comp osition of rainwater in the Moun t Etna volcanic area. Environ. Pollut. 99,
389–393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00004-9.
Colombo, C., Sellitto, M.V., Palumbo, G., Terribile, F., Stoops, G., 2007. Characteristics and
genesis of volcanic soils from south central Italy: Mt Gauro (Phlegraean Fields, Cam-
pania) and Vico Lake (Latium). In: Arnalds, O., Bartoli, F., Buurman, P., Oskarsson, H.,
Stoops, G., García-Rodeja, E. (Eds.), Soils of Volcanic Regions in Europe. Springer, Ber-
lin, pp. 197–229.
Coltelli, M., De l Carlo, P., Vezzoli, L., 1998. Discovery of a plinian basaltic eruption of
Roman age on Etna volcano, Italy. Geology 26, 1095–1098.
Coltelli, M., Del Carlo, P., Vezzoli, L., 2000. Stratigraphic constraints for explosive activity in
the past 100 ka at Etna volcano, Italy. Int. J. Earth Sci. 89, 665–67
7. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1007/s005310000117.
Comitato per la Carta dei Suoli, 1966. Carta dei Suoli D'Italia. A. and R, Senatori, Firenze.
Condomines, M., Tanguy, J.C., Kieffer, G., Allegre, J.C., 1982. Magmatic evolution of a volca-
no studied by
230
Th-
238
U disequilibrium and trace element systematics: the Etna
case. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 1397–1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-
7037(82)90275-7.
Corsaro, R.A., Pompilio, M., 2004. Dynamics of magma at Mount Etna. in: Mt Etna: Volcano
Labor atory. In: Bonaccorso, A., Calvari, S., Coltelli, M., del Negro, C., Falsaperla, S.
(Eds.), Mt Etna: Volcano Laboratory. AGU Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 143, pp. 91–110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/143GM07.
Dazzi, C., 2007. Environmental features and land use of Etna (Sicily, Italy). In: Arnalds, O.,
Bartoli, F., Buurman, P., Oskarsson, H., Stoops, G., García-Rodeja, E. (Eds.), Soils of Vol-
canic Regions in Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp. 629–644.
De Beni, E., Branca, S., Coltelli, M., Groppelli, G., Wijbrans, J.R., 2011.
40
Ar/
39
Ar isotope dat-
ing of Etna volcano succession. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. 130, 292–305.
Dekayir, A., El Maâtaoui, M., 2000 . Apport de l'analyse d'images dans l'ét ude de
l'altération d'un basalte alcalin (Moyen Atlas, Maroc). Eng. Geol. 56, 325–334.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00099-X.
Del Carlo, P., Branca, S., 1998. Tephrostratigraphic dating of the pre-1300 AD SE flank
eruption of Mt Etna. Acta Vulcanol. 10, 33–37.
Durbin, C.S., Henderson-Sellars, A., 1981. Meteorological importance of the volcanic
activity of Mount Etna. Weather 36, 284–291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.
1981.tb05343.x.
Egli, M., Mastrolonardo, G., Seiler, R., Raimondi, S., Favilli, F., Crimi, V., Krebs, R., Cherubini,
P., Certini, G., 2012. Charcoal and stable soil organic matter as indicators of fire fre-
quency, climate and past vegetation in volcanic soils of Mt Etna, Sicily. Catena 88,
14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.08.006.
Egli, M., Mirabella, A., Alioth, L., Nater, M., Raimondi, S., 2007. Effect of climate and vege-
tation on soil organic carbon, humus fractions, allophane, imogolite, kaolinite and
oxyhydroxides in volcanic soils of Etna (Sicily). Soil Sci. 172, 673–691. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1097/ss.0b013e31809eda23.
Egli, M., Mirabella, A., Nater, M., Alioth, L., Raimondi, S., 2008. Clay minerals, oxyhydroxide
formation element leaching and humus development in volcanic soils. Geoderma
143, 101–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.10.020.
Fernández-Sanjurjo, M., Corti, G., Certini, G., Ugolini, F., 2003. Pedogenesis induced
by Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC on basaltic pyr oclastic deposits at different
altitudes, Mt Etna, Italy. Geoderma 115, 223–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
S0016-7061(03)00013-2.
Fierotti, G.F., Dazzi, C., Raimondi, S., 1988. Carta dei Suoli Della Sicilia, 1:250,000 (with Re-
port). Regione Siciliana Assessorato Territorio ed Ambiente and Universita Degli Studi
di Palermo, Facoltà di Agraria, Istituto di Agronomia Generale, Cattedra di Pedologia,
Palermo.
Floor, G.H., Calabrese, S., Román-Ross, G., D´Alessandro, W., Aiuppa, A., 2011. Selenium
mobilization in soils due to volcanic derived acid rain: an example from Mt Etna
volc ano, Sicily. Chem. Geol. 289, 235–244. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.
2011.08.004.
Francis, P., Burton, M.R., Oppenheimer, C., 1998. Remote measurements of volcanic gas
compositions by solar occultation spectroscopy. Nature 396, 567–570. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1038/25115.
García-Rodeja, E., Nóvoa, J.C., Pontevedra, X., Martínez-Cortizas, A., Buurman, P., 2007. Al-
uminium and iron fractionation of European volcanic soils by selective dissolution
techniques. In: Arnalds, O., Bartoli, F., Buurman, P., Oskarsson, H., Stoops, G., García-
Rodeja, E. (Eds.), Soils of Volcanic Regions in Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp. 325–351.
Gauthier, P.J., Le Cloarec, M.F., 1998. Variability of alkali and heavy metal fluxes released
by Mt Etna volcano, Sicily, between 1991 and 1995. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 81,
311–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00002-X.
Giammanco, S., Gurrieri, S., Principio, E., Valenza, M., 1996. CO
2
fluxes from Mt Etna soils.
Acta Vulcanol. 8, 220–221.
Gillot, P.-Y., Kieffer, G., Romano, R., 1994. The evolution of Mount Etna in the light of po-
tassium–argon dating. Acta Volcanol. 5, 81–87.
Guest, J.E., Duncan, A.M., Stofan, E.R., Anderson, S.W., 2012. Effect of slope on develop-
ment of pahoehoe flow fields: evidence from Mount Etna. J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res. 219-220, 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.01.006.
Hamidi, E.M., Nahon, D., McKenzie, J.A., Micard, A., Colin, F., Kamel, S., 1999. Marine Sr
(Ca) input in quaternary volcanic rock weathering profiles from the Mediterranean
coast of Morocco: Sr isotopic approach. Terra Nova 11, 157–161. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1046/j.1365-3121.1999.00239.x.
Heiken, G., Wohletz, K., 1985. Volcanic Ash. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Hesse, P.R., 1971. A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis. Murray, London.
Hopkins, D.W., Bartoli, F., 2004. Size and activity of the soil microbial community from a
range of European volcanic soils. In: Oskarsson, H., Arnalds, O. (Eds.), Volcanic Re-
sources in Europe. Cost Action 622 Final Meeting. Abstracts. Agricultural Research In-
stitute, Rejkyavic, pp. 35–36 (http://www.rala.is/Andosol/Fjolrit214.pdf Accessed 31
July, 2015).
Hopkins, D.W., Badalucco, L., English, L.C., Meli, S.M., Chudek, J.A., Ioppolo, A., 2007. Plant
litter decomposition and microbial characteristics in volcanic soils (Mt Etna, Sicily) at
different stages of development. Biol. Fertil. Soils 43, 461–469. http://dx.doi.org/10.
1007/s00374-006-0124-3.
Huggett, R.J., 1998. Soil chronosequences, soil development, and soil evolution: a critical
review. Catena 32, 152–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(98)00053-8.
IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006. World
Soil Resources Reports No. 103. FAO, Rome. (ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/
wsrr103e.pdf Accessed 31 July, 2015).
James, P.A., Atherton, M.A., Harvey, A.M., Firmin, A., Morrow, A., 1997. In: M ee, C.B.,
Forbes, H.A. (Eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: The Landscape and Settlement History
of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. University of Liverpool Press, Liverpool, pp. 5–32.
Johnson, D.L., 1985. Soil thickness processes. Catena Suppl. 6, 29–40.
Kilburn, C.R.J., Guest, J.E., 1993. Aa lavas of Mount Etna. In: Kilburn, C.R.J., Luongo, G.
(Eds.), Active Lavas: Monitoring and Modelling. UCL Press, London, pp. 73–103.
Legros, J.-P., 2013. Major Soil Groups of the World. Ecology, Genesis, Properties and Clas-
sification. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida.
Leighton, R., 1999. Sicily Before History: An Archaeological Survey From the Palaeolithic
to the Iron Age. Duckworth, London.
Leonardi, S., Rapp, M., 1981. Return of mineral elements and nitrogen to the soil through
leav es in an ecosystem of Quercus ilex L. on Mount-Mi nardo (Etna). Flora 171,
329–337.
Leonardi, S., Rapp, M., Denes, A., 1992. Organic-matter distribution and fluxes within a
holm oak (Quercus ilex
L.) stand in the Etna Volcano — a
synthesis. Vegetatio 100,
219–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118228.
Leonardo, S., Rapp, M., Failla, M., Guarnaccia, D., 1996. Biomass productivity and organic
matter fluxes in Castanea sativa Mill stands of various elevations in the Etna volcano.
Ann. Sci. For. 53, 1031–1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:19960510.
Liuzzo, M., Gurrieri, S., Giudice, G., Giuffrida, G., 2013. Ten years of soil CO
2
continuous
monitoring on Mt Etna; exploring the relationship between processes of soil
degassing and volcanic activity. Geochem. Geophys., Geosyst. G. 14 (super 3),
2886–2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20196.
Lo Papa, G., Palermo, V., Parisi, S., Laudacina, V.A., Tusa, D., Scalenghe, R., 2003.
Caratteristiche di una sequenza di suoli forestali nel versante Nord-occidentale
dell'Etna. Bol. Soc. Ital. Sci. Suolo 52, 513–522.
Lulli, L., 2007. Italian volcanic soils. In: Arnalds, O., Bartoli, F., Buurman, P., Oskarsson, H.,
Stoops, G., García-Rodeja, E. (Eds.), Soils of Volcanic Regions in Europe. Springer, Ber-
lin, pp. 51–67.
Malucelli, F., Terribile, F., Colombo, C., 1999. Mineralogy, micromorphology and chemical
analysis of andosols on the Island of Sao Mi guel (Azores). Geoderma 88, 73–98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(98)00081-0.
Martínez Cortizas, A., García-Rodeja, E., Gayosoa, E., Nóvoa Muñoz, J.C., Po ntevedra
Pombal,X.,Buurman,P.,Terribile,F.,2003. Distribution of some selected major
and trace elements in four I talian soils dev eloped from the deposits of the
Gauro and Vico volcanoes. Geoderma 117, 215–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
S0016-7061(03)00124-1.
Martínez C ortizas, A., Nóvoa, J.C., Pontevedra, X., T aboada, T., G arcía-Rodreja, E.,
Chesworth, W., 2007. Elemental composition of reference European volcanic soils.
296 P. James et al. / Catena 137 (2016) 277–297